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Without delay across Wall St from Fed Hall Nationwide Commemorative and Without delay across Broad Street from the NY Stock Exchange, this conversion project of 2 commercial structures to luxury condos has the most inspiring Lower Manhattan location. It is composed of the five-story luxury condo at twenty-three The Street that originally was the HQ of J.

P. Morgan’s banking operations and the 42-story office luxury condo that wraps around it and was initially the Equitable Trust luxury condo. A report by David W. Dunlap in the May 11, 2004 copy of The NY Times about the project had the strapline : “Condos, Not Roll-Tops, on Finance’s Holiest Corner.” The luxurious condo at twenty-three Wall St was built in 1914, one year after the passing of J. P. Morgan, which was linked in 1957 to 15 Broad Street. According to Mr. Dunlap’s article, “The luxury apartments were later reworked as HQ of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, company forerunner of J. P. Morgan Chase & Company.” twenty-three Wall Street is an official NY Town landmark and in 1998, the NY Stock Exchange meant to raze all the luxury condos on this block with the exception of twenty-three the Street for a new stock exchange and office tower, but that plan was scuttled after the terrorist attacks of Sep 11, 2001. That plan included a design by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill for a 50-story tower diagonally opposite to twenty-three Wall St that had a fascinating glass cover that at random appeared to “drip,” a design later employed by SCLE in similar fashion for a new apartment tower for the William Beaver development 1 or 2 blocks to the south. In 2003, A. I. & Boymelgreen of Brooklyn acquired these two luxury apartments for 0 million and claimed plans to spend about 5 million on their refurbishment and conversion into 326 apartments. Ismael Leyva is the project designer working with Philippe Starck, the French designer celebrated for his design that put furniture with terribly spiky points in the lobby at the Royalton Hotel on West 44th Street. Mr. Bleak also worked on the re-luxury apartment of the Supreme and Hudson Hostels in midtown Manhattan and the Mondrian Hotel in L.A. And the Delano in Miami.

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The project’s web site describes Mr. Starck as “the leading exponent of expressionist architecture.” Primary costs for the apartments went from about 5,000 for a studio to about .5 million for a three-bedroom apartment. Mr. Starck is reasonably showy and in Mr. Dunlap’s article he was quoted as pronouncing the project, which ought to have a bowling street, basketball and crush courts, lap pool and a little theater, will embody “honesty, respect, sensitivity, surrealism, poetry, surprise, vision which have no price on the other side of the street.” Residents however, have unfettered access to the roof at twenty-three Wall St where Mr. Starck drew up a garden with trees, teak decking, a giant pool fed “by a tall, crook-shaped pipe, looking like a giant faucet,” and a “topiary wall with window like openings in which lanterns will hang.” The view from the roof is electrifying as it looks immediately at the highly ornamental pediment of the Big Apple Stock Exchange. A 1,900-piece, Louis XV candelabrum that hung in the key banking hall at twenty-three Wall Street was installed in the lobby of the Broad Street luxury condo and Mr. Dunlap’s article noted that it would hover “inches off the floor, with plasma screens showing residents ‘ faces interspersed among the crystals.” 15 Broad Street was designed by Trowbridge & Livingston in 1928. It replaced a luxury apartment that had been occupied since 1891 by Davis, Polk & Wardwell, a legal firm that moved out during its construction but returned and stayed there for another 35 years. The bowling street is in the cellar in space that was once used as a shooting range for the bank’s security guards. Shaya Boymelgreen, the president of LB Lev Leview / Boymelgreen came to the U.S.in 1969 and thereafter set up a book shop, Eichlers, which specialised in Jewish literature. He later sold Eichlers and then went into the diamond business before entering property, beginning with some projects on the Lower East Side and then doing some in Brooklyn.

http://www.luxurycondomanhattan.com/luxurycondomanhattan/FINANCIAL-DISTRICT/Entries/2011/4/20_15-BROAD.html

 

 

Who is a volunteer? Someone who gives a bit of his or her time, free of charge, to a cause, or an organization, or an event, or another person. When people speak of volunteering, it often becomes this big issue of giving to others, performing “social service”. Well, I volunteer for strictly selfish reasons. I do it for myself. Here are my top 10 reasons for being a volunteer whenever the opportunity arises.

1. You learn new life skills and to get a peek into a profession different from your own: Volunteer opportunities often give an inside view of a profession other than your own. Folks who volunteer to build homes learn all kinds of useful carpentry and plumbing skills. Those who volunteer in community kitchens get to be “chefs” for a little while. I have learnt to scale up recipes to 100 or more servings with ease, and to make complete meals out of odd collections of the ingredients at hand. Many volunteer opportunities are exercises in management and organization.
2. . Being a volunteer can provide the opportunity to travel abroad, learn new languages and so much more. Those who volunteer to run marathons sometimes get access to professional trainers. I recently got the chance to teach a cooking class. I have also had the opportunity to attend classes taught by professional chefs by simply being the volunteer helper for that class.
3. You get some exercise. If you are bored by the thought of exercising alone in a gym, consider a volunteer position which could get your muscles to work, such as working in a community garden, lifting heavy pots and pans in a community kitchen or doing a walk/run for an event. Some of my most inspiring friends are “regular” people who have become athletes and run in marathons.
4. You get to be around motivated people. It turns out that the people who spend their free time doing volunteer work are often wonderful souls with big hearts and great attitudes. I have learnt a lot from being around these inspiring people, and have made valuable friendships with those who volunteer at the same places that I go to.

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5. You get a chance to meet people very different from yourself. Most of us have friends who are in the same tax bracket, age group and socioeconomic group as ourselves. When you volunteer, you meet people who may come from completely different backgrounds and it is an eye-opening exercise to get to know them. I learned to appreciate people as individuals, that the elderly person who needs donated meals is not a statistic but has funny stories to relate and life experiences that I can learn from. My biggest lesson in sharing came from a malnourished homeless child (in a school for street children) who, when offered a cookie, broke it in two and gave me one half. Over the years, I have been learning to get off my high horse and learn “where people are coming from” and it sure has made me a little sober about my views and attitudes.
6. It provides a surge of positive energy. It is just depressing to watch the news or read the papers and see nothing but injustice and destruction everywhere in the world. But going out there and doing something small- smaller than even a drop in the ocean- can provide a ridiculous amount of hope and happiness. It makes you feel like you do have some amount of control over what goes on in our world.
7. It makes you feel more connected. When I moved to St. Louis, I had several months on my hands while I looked for a job, and in a new city without many friends, the days could become long and lonely. When I started volunteering, I suddenly felt useful and connected, as if I was now part of the local community. In a few weeks, people at the place where I volunteered started to rely on me as their “vegetable cook” and I finally felt like this city was home, where I had a place in the grand scheme of things.
8. You learn to count your blessings. Seeing the relentless hardships that people encounter- crime, poverty, disparities, illness- makes me grateful for everything I have. When I get into a petulant mood and start whining about small things that go wrong, I am more compelled to stop and look at the big picture and allow myself to be happy and contented with my own life.
9. You develop a problem-solving attitude. There is no end to the problems in this world and it is all too easy to rant about them. It is much harder to do something about it. The volunteer spirit teaches you to think about ways to do something about any problem you come across rather than watch helplessly or simply complain.
10. It is a great team-building exercise. At the community kitchen, I often see groups of coworkers come in to volunteer as a group. It is fun to see the “office” barriers drop and how the group dynamic improves as they make banana bread (or whatever) together. Many people who have children don’t feel like they can take time away from their families to do volunteer work. But for children of school-going age and beyond, the whole family can volunteer together. What a great way to teach children some solid values!

Being a volunteer is a state of mind. It can be something that we do for a hour or two every week or month or it can be a one-time thing. It is something thoroughly enjoyable and fulfilling and it is such a pity that more of us don’t do it more often. Whether you donate blood, spend the morning planting flowers in a community garden, conduct a bake sale, run a marathon, train your pet to be a therapy animal and take it to hospitals…there are volunteer opportunities for everyone, in every place, to fit every schedule.

I think it is really important to think of volunteering as something we do for our own happiness and well-being rather than some form of charity that we do for others. As giving BACK; as gratitude for all our good fortune, rather than simply as giving something away as if we were such magnanimous souls. As something we do on an everyday (or weekly or monthly) basis as an integral part of our lives rather than something we plan to do in the intangible future, in that mythical moment “when I have more time”. I say- the time is now! Do something good for yourself- become a volunteer.

 

When You book a guided tour in Florence Tours in Florence – Tuscany, with us You’ll realize how beautiful and magic this town is.

 

The Teatro Goldoni is one of the theaters of downtown Florence. Located within a large urban island, between Via Romana, Via dei Serragli and Via Santa Maria, which was previously occupied by the convent of St. Vincent of Annalena. In 1807 the impresario Louis Gargani started the ambitious project to make this area a center for entertainment and amusement of Florentines, through a great Italian theater and an arena with an adjoining ballroom summer festivals. So, in that portion of the block to Via dei Serragli, were built the arena and dance hall, designed by Antonio Corazzi and Ridolfo Castinelli and in the portion to the Via Romana, the great Italian theater with antlers built by the architect Giuseppe Del Rosso (1817). The theater was inaugurated April 17, 1817 with a work by Carlo Goldoni and a ballet by Jean Dauberval, the famous French dancer and choreographer of the eighteenth century. After some shows, especially after the staging of Query by Meredith Monk in September 1976, the serious structural and safety problems were found, that led to final closure of the theatre. The theater was reopened in 1998 with a famous setting of Orfeo by Monteverdi, directed by Luca Ronconi and now is used primarily as a theatrical space dedicated to dance performances by the Ballet of the City and other companies.

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Book one of our guided Tour in Florence, and You’ll enjoy the unique atmosphere of this beautiful town

 

We figured this would be an interesting place to visit since it brings together architecture, social and industrial history, and it would really give us insight into one of the most interesting personalities of Chicago’s history. Chicago’s name in architecture, began in the 1800s and continues today. If you want to take a walk and see the great architecture of Chicago, there is more than a day’s worth of sites. You can begin with famous buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright (check out the Unity Temple at 875 Lake St) and Louis Sullivan (Visit his famous Carson Pirie Scott flagship on State St). The Monadnock, and Mies van der Rohe’s Post office are also well worth a visit.

If you plan on shopping along Chicago’s famous State Street, the park is just a few blocks east and would be a great end to a day of shopping and sight seeing in Chicago. It’s open daily from 6am – 11pm and admission is always free. Yesterday, after our lovely Austrian breakfast we went downtown to the Chicago Cultural Center, the main downtown information hub for tourists, to ask some questions about the Pullman Historic District, a planned industrial community, built in the 1880s by industrial magnate George Pullman, creator of the famous Pullman sleeper cars. From fun shopping sprees and visiting historic attractions to an evening of fine dining, the mix of Chicago attractions provides the perfect opportunity for the two of you to enjoy each other’s company.

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You’ve probably seen Michigan Avenue, also known as The Magnificent Mile (or “Mag Mile) in every movie ever filmed in Chicago, so don’t miss your chance to stroll its wide sidewalks and enjoy all of the world-class shopping and eateries along the way. If you find yourself visiting Chicago on a sunny day, head north along Michigan Avenue and turn onto Lake Shore Drive, a walking and biking path that runs along the lake. Millennium Park is conveniently located in downtown Chicago. The park is bordered by Michigan Avenue to the west, Columbus Drive to the east, Randolph Street to the North and Monroe Street to the South.

Then, get off and take as much time as you want exploring the area. When you are ready, simply board the next trolley until you have seen all of the fantastic sights in Chicago. Taking a trolley to see Chicago attractions gives both of you the opportunity to create personalized Chicago sightseeing tours to match your interests. Ride on one of the many trolleys through the city until you see a sight that interests you.

Have a little extra time on your hands? A double decker tour is a great way to spend an afternoon. Tours depart from the Michigan Avenue area and include a narrated ride throughout downtown. The double decker bus tour is a great way to learn more about the city and its history. If you are staying downtown, you’ll find yourself reciting statistics from the tour in your head as you walk around the local streets.

Chicago sightseeing tours are perfect for spending time together in the city. Things to do in the city can be virtually anything your hearts desire.

Ok so I returned the last Louis Vuitton I purchased, because it was zilch of what I was looking for! So I have a 1,500.00 credit for eluxury.com, iam currently purchasing a dress but what do you reflect on of this hand bag? http://www.eluxury.com/estore/browse/pro… http://www.eluxury.com/estore/browse/pro… Thanks for adjectives the help! The people that enjoy answered so far are obviously not familiar beside designer products. The first…

where could i buy a bag resembling this http://www.urbanoutfitters.com/urban/cat…but cheaper (i think 5 is too much)thank you! OMg too cute!! try Macys or Nordstrom rack or maybe TJmaxx might enjoy something plus they have bargain prices too. Bigger department stores enjoy those kind of bags, simply check around. hope that helps.its not as big tho try forever21 http://www.forever21.com

This bag is from forever 2 and i wanted to know wat u guys regard as of it.Be honest.. http://www.forever21.com/product.asp?cat… nice style but it looks cheap (hooche or hooker) be careful because sometimes shiny things look cheap and make you look cheap or comfortablehelp with mine http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;… i close to the style just not the color Sorry, I don’t really like the colour or the matter…it…

ok so i was wondering whether u guys think i should use a tote pod or a regular jan sport backpack. thnx MOSTLY EVERYONE IN HIGHSCHOOL HAS A BOOKBAG, MOST COMMONLY JANSPORT OR NORTHFACE.Dont listen to the people who tell you they dont use bookbags. totally rediculouscontained by highschool you need to have MORE THINGS, more BOOKS TEXTBOOKS, calulators etc.you really wanna hold aches…

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Balenciaga. Balenciaga dooney and Bourke (sorry it doesn’t start with it though)BurberryBetsey JohnsonBCBG Max Azria Balenciaga? Bouis Buitton or Boach?!!?!?!?!?!??!? Hee-hee! Jk! um burberry? bcbg? (i think they own bags…) Burberry, Barcelona,BCBG, Bebe,

What brand are those bags that are covered in a trustworthy place names like Iceland, Barcelona, etc? They’re black and the lettering is surrounded by white with an occasional name contained by color. O there is no brand but they sell them surrounded by those places. I went on a cruise of a mediterranean and they had those within Rome, Athens, Monaco.. They were…

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i bought a bag the other day, and roughly its nice, but abit plain, and so want a charm thing to go on it. looked around shopping mainstay, but couldnt really find anything.anyone know any UK websites that have any..?tried asos.com lol=]X accessorize, river islandtopshoptry searching kitsch daypack charms on google..you might get some cute resultshope that helps^^) Try River Island, they usually enjoy…

http://shop.pacsun.com/webapp/wcs/stores…if it takes you back to the homepage, stir to accesories and women’s bag/pursesi’m 16 and i need help choosing a backpack where i can fit more than my cellephone in. haha and i could use it for more occasion (but not formal)i heard that there are some loads that compliment your body type. but i forgot which complimented mine. i’m tall and skinny. I’m…

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baby blue or red and black boog bag. I own an olive complexion which would color would compliment my skin tone ?? I’d definitely choose the red and black boog bag not merely because of your olive complexion (which I am so envious of!) but also because all different shades of red (merlot, berry, maroon, etc.) are this year’s Fall colors – along beside…

you know those bags like its made out of cloth. its similar to a beach bag i dream up. its really long and its basically made out of cloth. i think you can trade name it. it hangs from your shoudler really low. im sorry. i don’t know the name! minister to! Are you talking about a messenger/sling pack or a one strap hobo bag?…

I want to get an Abercrombie bag, I live within England, and not many people at my conservatory have them. I don’t like following the crowd and what everyone else have. I want to get the New-ish from Abercrombie-Navy and White Stripes with the Brown Patch on the front. Or a Brown beside the moose?Anyone have any Ideas on what would be a little bit…

Ok…so I recently got this TNA pod, to use for high school http://i258.photobucket.com/albums/hh243…(oh, and the pic looks kinda messed up, but i found it on google.)My cross-question is, how many bags did u own in high institution? Do I need another one, or will this kinda go next to any outfit? DO people usually just own one bag they use everyday, or change near diff outfits?…

I’m looking for a bag to use for school. Maybe a tote or another sack that is big enough to fetch a few books and such but not a backpack. If you could post a link to where I could vision and purchase the bag that would be great! Roxy backpacks are tasteful and they rock, go on, buy it Just go to…

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I’m thinking of buying a bag for my brother for Christmas. What brands of bags do guys contained by universities carry today? I’m looking at either a messenger bag or a backpack.- Timbuk2 (Shipping is too expensive; I live contained by Singapore)- Crumpler (Is it still in fashion? I bought mine nearly 2 years ago and everyone around me seem to have one)- Any other…

So I’m a sophomore now and I’m looking for a new backpack! Apparently I lone have like, one book and one binder that I will own to carry around plus my laptop so I’m thinking that I would rather simply have a shoulder bag to take. Any of you girls know where I can get a cute shoulder pouch that is big enough to fetch…

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would a 12 inch wide, 10 inch tall, and 6 inch weighty bag be able to hold 3 one-inch binders?? i found a daypack onlie that i like but idk if it will hold all of my stuff? gratefulness! Soundsz good to me ; Go to the store and see itt. ummmm. i don’t know do the math!!freaken lazy character……your getting it for skool…

I am looking for a cute bag for school. I am 15, going to be carrying on average something similar to – Chemistry book, two folders, thinner spanish book, and everything always in nearby. Basically, no matter how much weight my stuff will be it will hold. Maybe it can hold some pockets?? At least one. I do not want it swamping me because it…

More Bag questions please visit : BagFAQ.com

also offers 26 properties at different cities like St Tropes, Cannes, Cap d’Antibes and Monaco for golfers. These all properties are located near the beach with the drive of 5 to 10 minutes. Their team also aids the customer to organize any kind of events like birthday celebrations, social gathering, and business enterprise meetings and provide all the awesome service so that event can become tremendous and memorable.

 

It supplies each and every and every detail of their rental properties on website so that every single tourist can take pleasure in all the services provided by them. It provides short-term and long-term rental services so that just about every a single can get take pleasure in the remain. was created in January 2005. It was acquired by In-lux rental in 2009.In-lux can be a property rental service which has a key goal to produce different properties over a globe.

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There are a quantity of greatest with umpteen luxuries that the contemporary travelers may well look for. In simple fact, Rome hotels are the greatest examples inside the name of comfort and hospitality. Their nicely trained staff helps make you really feel like property for the duration of your remain on the hotels. Whether or not you happen to be on a enterprise trip or leisure trip, but it can be sure that you’re likely to get wonderful features that can double your pleasure and excitement of Rome trip. Having furniture from the 18th century Louis XV fashion, suites at greatest Rome hotels have arrive up with walls that are decorated with different well-known original paintings of various Italian artwork schools.

 

It supplies a class of accommodation throughout the vacations that meet your requirements of getting relaxed and enjoyed for the duration of vacations. offers a luxurious villa with fully outfitted furnished area, air-conditioned bedrooms, airy and significant living and dining home, open-air terrace where you take pleasure in the beauty of surroundings of villa, garden together with a swimming pool and properly trained and educated team who delivers you all the services at time. Customer enjoys the stay as like in household. Attractiveness, peace, comfort, ease, luxury would be the words can come inside your head whenever you enter the property provided by

 

Property rental service has a team that inspects each minute detail of their services so that customer will not expertise any kind of difficulty or hassle. It delivers you a villa of your dreams the place you are able to get peace and comfort throughout keep. It supplies all the entertaining features including satellite tv, DVD player, and Net accessibility. They have large aims to achieve it by satisfying their customers.

is the one of the pioneers in this segment offering some of the finest service apartments in Bangalore, India. We offer safe, secure and economical Serviced apartments / accommodations in Garden city, Bangalore India, be it for work or for pleasure.

In 1995, Petra joined a small St. Louis-based software development company as its 10th employee. She was hired to assist one of the three partners in his dealings with prospective customers. Over the next seven years, Petra worked hard, and grew in responsibility as the company grew in revenues. Seven years later, in 2002, there were 185 employees, with offices in four cities. While rising to the position of Senior Vice President of Business Development, Petra had helped build the customer base from 38 to 174. Unfortunately, her compensation hadn’t grown nearly as much.

Petra experienced first-hand what few people realize: rapidly growing companies struggle increasingly to pay bills, to balance cashflow, and to maintain sufficient working capital. As is common in growing companies, cashflow always seemed tight. Every equipment purchase, every marketing campaign, and every new office seemed to devour available company resources. For Petra, this meant her raises had been minimal, her bonuses had been negligible, and her benefits remained limited. Petra’s boss knew her value, and prized her contributions, but felt he couldn’t afford to do much better. When Petra asked that her compensation be raised to what she thought was “market” for her skills, her boss shrugged, and said, “maybe next year,” or “possibly, if we go public.” Petra even asked about the possibility of “becoming a partner,” but was told, “We’re not ready to do anything like that.”

In January, 2002, just before Petra’s scheduled annual performance review, she consulted us. She didn’t want to leave the company; in many ways it was like her “home.” At the same time, she felt she wasn’t earning enough for her family, her retirement, and her kids’ education. And given the poor state of the economy in 2002, there didn’t seem to be many jobs available in software sales. One suggestion we made was that in her negotiations she request “no less favorable” treatment. In other words, if the company ever decided it could provide its executives compensation, benefits and equity at a level closer to “market,” then Petra, too, would be entitled to that same – or better – treatment. In international trade and diplomacy, this is sometimes referred to as “most favored nation” status.

At her annual review, Petra raised the issue with her boss. “You know, Jim, if and when the company finally does have the revenues to give market-rate compensation and benefits, I’d like to know that I’ll be first in line.” “Sure,” he responded, “Isn’t that what I’ve always told you?… when we have the money.” In fact, that was exactly what he’d told her for years. In his memo to HR confirming Petra’s two percent raise, Petra had her boss insert a notation that “Petra has expressed disappointment with her raise this year, and in prior years. When the company elevates its executive compensation in the future, Petra should be treated no less favorably than other executives at her level.” It wasn’t money in her pocket, but it was potential advantage, which is better than no advantage at all.

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Over the next two years, the company started to hire more seasoned executives, apparently to prepare itself to “go public.” First came a Chief Financial Officer, then a Chief Operating Officer. In turn, they brought on board trusted lieutenants they knew from other companies. And to do so, promises had to be made of market-level compensation. One decision reached was to distribute stock options to senior executives to provide greater incentives. In late 2004, the “unexpected” took place: Petra’s company agreed to a buyout by a larger, rival company. Everyone was excited, and nervous, too, wondering, “What does this mean for me?” It meant a lot: layoffs and severance packages for some, retention bonuses (bonuses to be paid six, twelve or twenty-four months later, provided you stayed on during the transition) and stock options for others. Unfortunately, the acquiring company had its own SVP – New Business Development, and so Petra was laid off.

Petra did, though, have two important things to be happy about: first, her severance package would be “no less favorable” than those given to others at her level. It turned out that two of her recently-hired colleagues had negotiated significant severance packages when hired; this more than doubled what the company had intended to give Petra. Even better, one of her colleagues was promised stock option vesting if laid off, and Petra got that, too. Second, Petra voiced her suspicion that she’d been paid less than some others over the past two years. It turned out she was right: not only did the company pay her what she’d been shortchanged, but her severance payments was made at the higher salary level, too.

[Had Petra not been laid off, but instead been chosen to remain with her company, being treated "no less favorably" in that event would have been advantageous, as well. In that event, Petra would have received the same level - the highest level - of stock options, retention bonus, and other treatment, too.]

In negotiating for yourself at work, consider trying “No Less Favorable.” Especially at times of impasse, when you aren’t getting what you want, requesting “No Less Favorable” may be the best you can do. And it is often granted because granting you “no less favorable” treatment costs your employer nothing at the time. Your request says, in effect, “If right now you can’t afford to pay me what I’m worth, can you assure me I’ll get what I’m worth when you can afford to?” It’s hard to say “no” to such a reasonable, and reasoned, request. It is what we sometimes call a “positional play,” and is often used by smart sports agents, theatrical agents, even the U.S. Government when it is in large-scale purchasing negotiations.

One reason why it can be of such help is that it puts you “up on the highest platform”: someone else may have better leverage in her negotiations; someone else may have negotiated better than you did; someone else may have been granted a personal favor, perhaps payback for an earlier favor. No matter. “No less favorable” gets you the advantages they’ve managed, somehow, to achieve. Consider its use in your own negotiating for yourself at work.

Workplace negotiating stresses pro-activity and planning in negotiating for yourself at work. While our clients are usually adept at requesting workplace “rewards,” they’re less comfortable responding when their requests for “rewards” are declined. Here’s a good tool to try if that happens to you.

Don’t forget to consider the advantages of “No Less Favorable” in your workplace negotiating, especially if at impasse. “No Less Favorable” requests actually come in a variety of “shapes, colors and sizes,” and can be adapted to many situations. Consider using these, or variations of them:

• “I know it’s been a bad year, and that bonuses will be lower. At the very least, can I count on my bonus not being any lower than anyone else’s?”

• “Considering my long-term service, if the firm elevates any of its accountants to partner, can I count on your assurances that no one will be considered for elevation to partner before I am?”

• Later on, if new investors are brought in, it’s only fair that any future treatment their stock gets – regarding dilution, preferences, or other rights and opportunities – those of us who built the company should get no less favorable treatment.

• “My present employer provides five weeks paid vacation; you only give three. If you change the vacation policy for anyone, can you include me in that, too?”

• “If any exceptions are made for anyone regarding early vesting of stock options, I think you’ll agree, no one deserves an exception more than me.”

• “When the hiring freeze is over, I expect my department will be given the first two new researchers.”

• “I can accept that the company can’t afford to pay better salaries now. When finally it can, can I count on a raise then?”

Of course, as you would with any promise (or agreement, deal, assurance, pledge, commitment, understanding, handshake, accord, bargain, arrangement, bond, mutual expectation, resolution or pact) make sure you confirm it in writing or electronically, so that it can later be resurrected. We commonly suggest it be done by way of confirmatory email, Memo to File, or “thank you” note.

A note about our Actual Case Histories: In order to preserve client confidences, and protect client identities, we alter certain facts, including the name, age, gender, position, date, geographical location, and industry of our clients. The essential facts, the point illustrated and the lesson to be learned, remain actual.

“Race relations and Law Enforcement in the United States of America”

By

Osasumwen Osaghae

January, 2009

The spate of deadly shootings by the police in the process of apprehending suspects has led many commentators to suggest a racial undercurrent in the attitude of the police officers. In fact, there is the racial current in law enforcement attitudes when it comes to minorities like blacks and Latinos. There are different aspects of the racial current discuss. First, there is the white officer versus black victim scenario; black officer versus white victim scenario; black officer versus black victim scenario and black officer versus white victim scenario, (Peruche & Plant, 2006). It has been suggested citing the danger perception theory that the police are more likely to use deadly force in areas or situations where they encounter greater levels of violence or perceive their jobs to be particularly dangerous, (Best & Quigley, 2003). The place of racial sentiments in police deadly shootings is not entirely clear as there are competing theories seeking to explain police deadly shootings. There is the perceived danger perspective which attributes police shootings to the threat posed by the suspect sought to be apprehended. Even so, a study found that preconceived notions of violence associated with certain races plays a significant role in how the police officers react to threats posed by suspects, (Alpert 2007). Not all the theories share the sentiments of the minorities in the attitude of the police in apprehending black suspects. There are those who support the law enforcement community arguing that minorities should be profiled as criminals or as potential criminals because they are more likely to commit crimes. Profiling and stopping individuals for investigative procedures was therefore thought to be a rational response to the drug and crime problem among some law enforcement officers, notwithstanding the obvious ecological fallacy of targeting individuals based on group behavior, (Alpert 2007). The major question is to what extent does race impact the way law enforcement officers deal with black suspects in relation to how white suspects are treated?

The writer contends that race may be a factor in the attitude of the police in apprehending black suspects. But it is only relevant to the extent that blacks are associated with more aggression and violence than other ethnic groups. It is the fact of the association more than the race itself that triggers more aggressive policing strategies in typically black neighborhoods.

There is a growing concern that police officers may be more aggressive in their responses to minority compared to White suspects, (Peruche & Plant). Such responses may be influenced by stereotypic expectations. For example, it is possible that the stereotype that Black men are more likely to be violent and hostile may create expectations that Black people, particularly Black men, are more likely to be violent criminals than are. This may have led to a series of deadly police shootings which will be reviewed in this paper

Culture appears to have an impact on interpersonal relationships in the society. If there is racial prejudice in a given society, the police force where dominated by the oppressive race as in white race in relation to the oppressed race (black) cannot be free from such prejudice. Consequently, a corrupt society would produce a corrupt police force even though; a different picture may be painted. The definition of culture by Linton (1945) supports the argument that police force can only be as good as the society it operates. For him, the culture of society is the way of life of its members; the collection of ideas and habits which they learn, share and transmit from generation to generation. There is another aspect of culture that is relevant to racial prejudice in policing, cultural sensitivity on the part of the police officers. Given the multi-ethnic constitution of most societies in the United States of America today, it is very possible that a police may find himself among a people, whose culture he knows little or nothing about. It is imperative therefore that police officers be trained in cultural diversity and sensitivity from time to time. In this respect, is aggression violence? Being loud or always defensive may be annoying to a law enforcement officer. But is it enough to provoke a forceful apprehension to the extent of fatally shooting a suspect?

The paper will review several incidents of deadly police shootings with a view to identifying a pattern if any and the place of race in the actions of the police officers in the shooting incidents. The crux of the matter appears to be attributing primacy to race as a determinant of police reactions or reactions to perceived danger with race as a concomitant variable in the police officers’ reactions. Among others, the paper will review the Amadou Diallo case in New York, Kathryn Jones in Atlanta and Jason Gomez in Denver.

Amadou Diallo, an unarmed West African immigrant with no criminal record, was 22 years old when he was killed on Feb. 5, 1999, by four New York City police officers. The officers — Kenneth Boss, Sean Carroll, Edward McMellon and Richard Murphy — acknowledged firing 41 shots that night, but said they thought that Mr. Diallo was carrying a gun. Mr. Diallo, who came to America more than two years before from Guinea and worked as a street peddler in Manhattan, was hit by 19 bullets while standing in the doorway of his Bronx apartment building. The case set off massive protests across the city, and became a flashpoint for heightened frictions between minority leaders and the administration of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani. All four officers, who were in plainclothes, said they approached Mr. Diallo because they thought he fit the description of a man wanted in a rape case. They contended that when he pulled out his wallet to show identification they mistook it for a gun.

Members of a Georgia narcotics investigation team shot and killed 92-year-old Kathryn Johnston during a drug raid in her Atlanta home November 21, 2006.

A search warrant stating crack cocaine was being sold in her apartment allowed the officers to cut through the burglar bars protecting Johnston’s home and burst through her door without identifying themselves.

Johnston, who lived alone, apparently mistook the plainclothes officers for intruders and, according to the prosecutor trying the officers, fired one shot through the door and hit nothing. The police responded, firing 39 shots, killing Johnston and apparently wounding three of their own. Jason GomezOn December 19, Denver police officer Timothy Campbell was standing in the middle of the street in a west Denver neighborhood, his gun pointed at a man. The patrolman had been driving north on Irving Street when he’d passed a 1997 Saturn that seemed suspicious. When Campbell made a U-turn, the Saturn quickly sped down a side street and pulled into a driveway. As the officer drove up, a man — he looked to be in his early thirties, Hispanic, wearing a light, baggy jacket — jumped out of the car and ran. Campbell followed him on foot, through back yards and over fences. The man reached the 3200 block of West Ada Place, where he slipped on a patch of ice. He got up and continued down the street, falling twice more. By now Campbell had closed the gap, and when the man got up again, the two were facing each other, less than ten feet apart. Campbell had his service pistol drawn: a .45-caliber semi-automatic Glock. The man reached into his pants pocket, put his hand behind his back, and then started moving his hand forward. Campbell saw the glint of something metallic. He fired two rounds, paused, and then fired four more. The man fell onto a pile of dirty snow.

For some inexplicable reasons or strange coincidence, it is the blacks and the Hispanics that are always caught committing some crimes, (Ruth & Reitz, 2003, P. 32). This is not to suggest that there is no merit in the claim of disproportionate prosecution for crimes involving certain races and ethnic groupings. The point is that, the races and ethnic groups involved tend to have an unusual criminal propensity. Some have argued that the way the society is structured economically places the concerned races and ethnic groups at a disadvantage. This may be a valid argument. It is also true that the African-Americans have a higher criminal propensity than any other single group in the United States of America. At this point, there cannot be any legal justification for resorting to crime and the reasons are obvious. A lot of African Americans suggest that survival is the sole reason for indulging in crime. For precisely the same reason, other persons are pursuing legitimate enterprises in a bid to survive. It is not strange that school drop outs are highest among the African Americans. It follows that if the basis is weak, the superstructure will as of necessity follow suit. There are many factors impacting the criminal propensity of African Americans. For example, the presence of several liquor stores in typically black populations is perceived as deliberate as it facilitates violent behavior and increases incidents of grievous bodily harm and homicide.

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Winter (1980) contended citing other authors and quite rightly in my view that police shooting is the greatest triggering mechanism for racial violence in this United States of America today. Making the case for the racial content in police shootings, the writer noted that studies have shown that the ratio of black victims to white victims of police shootings is as high as 30-to-1 in Milwaukee and in Chicago which has the highest rate of civilian deaths, the ratio is 6-to-1. According to the writer, the solution may be in changing the attitude of the police officers themselves. Some of the officers think that controlling their power of deadly force is handcuffing them. The problem with this way of thinking is that they appear to want uncontrolled power in dealing with blacks as opposed to whites. What is probably required is a re-orientation and some form diversity tolerance training with the hope that the police officers would use deadly force less frequently on black people

Apart from the case of Kathryn Johnston, the other victims of the deadly police shooting reviewed in this paper were unarmed and curiously ethnic minorities. The reviewed cases and others like them have given rise to negative sentiments on the part of the ethnic minorities, to wit the blacks and Latinos. There has been the attitude that Police hate blacks. The sentiment is predicated on a vast history of large and small events that African Americans face from police attitudes and actions. According to this school of thought, (Brunson, 2007), blacks do not only draw from their own experiences, but also from a consistent pattern of events they are exposed to in their communities. This perception that the police do not like black people is not helped by the aggressive policing strategies employed by the police in disadvantaged African American neighborhoods, (the hood, ghetto etc). Indirect experiences have the potential to amplify or validate individuals’ interpretations of personal experiences and merit in-depth examination Based on research finding on attitudes of African Americans towards the police, there is the contention that citizens’ distrust is more widespread among African Americans than among white folks. Brunson examines in-depth interviews of 40 African-American adolescent males who resided in a disadvantaged urban neighborhood in St. Louis to better understand their experiences with the police. A major focus of the study was to develop a “detailed understanding” of how these African-American adolescent males interpret their interactions with the police, as well as the interactions of family members, friends, and neighbors, and to assess how these experiences shape their perceptions of the police. The findings suggest that either direct or indirect mistreatment by the police led to negative evaluations by the participants. A lot of the distrust emanates from media reporting of police handling of African American cases. The cases are sensationally reported highlighting the racial contents over and above the dynamics leading to the shootings as in perceived threats and dangers encountered by the police officers involved. The case of Kathryn Johnston, the 92 year old woman shot in Atlanta by the police. She had shot into the ceiling before the officers opened fire. This is not an attempt to defend the actions of the police officers. But when a gun is fired, can it reasonably said that one would not feel endangered so as to provoke a certain reaction such as to shoot with two purposes in mind: self defense and apprehension of the suspect who is armed and dangerous? Given the background of the case which was supposed to be a drug bust, should the officers have left their guards down? I think not. There is some reason in the contention that some neighborhoods are more dangerous than others. Where a neighborhood is notorious for criminal propensity, violence and drug trafficking, the policing strategies cannot be any thing but aggressive. The various cases highlighted above only served to increase citizens’ distrust of the police among blacks in the communities where the fatalities happened. Brunson (2007) recommended that a consideration should be given to the cumulative properties of police/citizen interactions in order to fully comprehend the nature of conflicts between minority communities and police.

The Brunson view is supported by a later article titled Either they don’t know or they don’t care: black males and negative police experiences by Stewart (2007). In addition, he identified race as one of the most salient predictors of perceptions and attitudes towards the police and may be a function of neighborhood context. Owing to social limitations, imagined or real, many residents of structurally disadvantaged neighborhoods feel estranged from formal institutions; they may lack the social and/or political capital to engage law enforcement in order to address various problems within their neighborhood. Often, the police may view these structurally depressed neighborhoods as crime-prone ecological units.

Some instances of police shootings tend to be indefensible. While people are prepared to accept a single officer may resort to deadly shooting based on his judgment, the people resent the use of deadly force by multiple officers involved in the shooting. This suggestion is validated by the outcry which followed the shooting of a 92 year old woman (Kathryn Johnston) in Atlanta by more than four officers under the guise of the belief that the woman was a drug trafficker. What made it worse was the discovery later that there was an attempt to cover up the events leading up to the shooting of the black woman. Curiously enough, it was another racially tainted police fatality. The position of the police officers is that they need to defend themselves against perceived dangers from the suspects and that any attempt to control their use of deadly force is a way of handcuffing them and making them defenseless. For the citizens, particularly the black population, the use of deadly force is not justifiable in most circumstances and is viewed as excessive in most cases. In the article under reference, two separate studies were conducted to investigate perceptions of Police use or misuse of deadly force. The first study found that as number of officers decreased and number of shots increased, perceptions of misuse of force were augmented. Number of shots per officer significantly predicted perceptions of misuse of force.  The second study showed a significant interaction between number of officers, number of shots fired, and social dominance orientation. This personality variable was an especially strong predictor of misuse of force in situations involving the largest number of shots fired per officer. This finding is in consonance with the racial element inherent the deadly shootings of the police. One way of testing the validity of the racial sentiment would have been to examine the rate of deadly shootings among black police officers and to see who were shot in terms of racial composition, (Perkins & Bourgeois, 2006).

The issue of police shootings took a different dimension with the suggestion that particular races are being targeted for such fatal assaults. Unfortunately, several studies seem to support the racial undertone in the shootings, according to Tennebaum (1994). Prior to the Garner case, police shooting was governed by one of four legal excuses for shooting a suspect. They are The Any-Felony Rule; the Defense-of Life Rule; The Model Penal Code; The Forcible Felony Rule. The any felony rule excused a police officer who shot at a suspect getting away running away after committing a felony. The problem with virtually all of the four rules was them they called for a judgment on the part of the officer even before the suspect has a day in court. In the Garner case, Garner brought an action against the police officer and the police department for fatally shooting his son while leaving the scene of a burglary. The suspect was unarmed. The court ruled that such shooting may not be used unless it is to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others. 

There is a variant of deadly police shooting which cannot be blamed on the police because it is induced by the victims themselves. Victim induced shooting has been defined in several ways and Mckenzie considered some of the definitions describing them as confusing: killing in which the victim is the precipitator of the killing, incidents in which people bent on self destruction engage in life threatening and criminal activities to force the police to shoot them. All the definitions considered indicate a conscious act on the part of the victim. But the writer points out that not all shooting inducing act are conscious.  In this area of police shooting, race does not appear to be a factor.

On the side of the police, it must be stated that there are confusing terminologies in the race discussion. Minorities can be contextual. Blacks may be minorities in the United States of America as a whole. But not so in some communities that are predominantly black. For example, in most metropolitan Atlanta in the state of Georgia, it would be incorrect to refer to blacks as the minority because they are in majority. The fact of the racial composition of the community is significant because of claims of racial profiling. Where three of four citizens are blacks, it follows that blacks are going to form majority of those apprehended by the police in that community. It is quite possible, for example, to have all the people pulled over in a routine police check to be black because not very many whites are present in the community. It would also be possible for the police to be very active and engage in aggressive policing strategies if the people in the black community have a huge criminal propensity. One fact must be stated. Blacks tend to be more violent than other races. Moreover, how reasonable is the allegation of racial bias where the apprehending officers are blacks? It must mean that the association with aggression and violence emanates from the people and not from the police. The perception of black as violent and aggressive people appears to be the same with black police officers as it is with white police officers.

There appears to be statistics to support the accusation of racial bias in the law enforcement procedures involving black people. According to the Federal Household Survey, “most current illicit drug users are white. There were an estimated 9.9 million whites (72 percent of all users), 2.0 million blacks (15 percent), and 1.4 million Hispanics (10 percent) who were current illicit drug users in 1998. “And yet, blacks constitute 36.8% of those arrested for drug violations, over 42% of those in federal prisons for drug violations. African-Americans comprise almost 58% of those in state prisons for drug felonies; Hispanics account for 20.7%, (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Summary Report 1998, cited in Race Law Enforcement & Prison, 2008). The picture painted after reading the above statistics is that more white people commit crimes than blacks, but there are more black people caught for the crimes. It is either that the white criminals are too clever for the law enforcement officers or the law enforcement officers know who the criminals are among white people, but choose not to apprehend them. It is doubtful if the latter is the case.

In an interview conducted by the writer with Assistant Police in Dekalb, Kennis Harrell on 11/20/2008, the racial profiling assumption was flawed. The Assistant chief does not agree with claim of racial profiling. His argument was that in a predominantly black populated County like Dekalb, it is to be expected that most of the apprehended suspects would reflect the racial composition of the County. He would also not agree that blacks have a higher criminal propensity than whites. It comes down to the same argument that blacks would commit crimes in a black populated community. The same thing goes for the Latino populated areas. This argument when stretched further seems to dispel the racial content in the spate of deadly police shootings. It would appear that each case of deadly police shootings would have to be analyzed on a case by case basis. Consequently, the only theory that would apply generally to all cases would be the “danger perception” theory, (Best & Quigley, 2003). According to this theory, police officers react to the level of danger they imagine they are in. It then appears to be pure coincidence that more ethnic minorities are involved in deadly police shootings. It is definitely an issue deserving of further inquiry as the trend is disturbing. There is much truth in the suggestion made by Stewart (2007) that there should be further inquiry on what the impact of the presence of minorities in the various police departments would have on the minorities’ perception of the law enforcement agencies. Would the minorities in the police force see their kith and kin as more aggressive and more violent than others? The answer appears to be that perceptions would hardly change. The reason is that even in neighborhoods which are predominantly black both in population and in the composition of the police departments, racial profiling (so called) is not absent and feelings of unfairness and police brutality remain strong.

There is the need for African Americans to have a re-orientation; one that emphasizes industry as opposed cutting corners; one that symbolizes hard work and not seeking to reap where they have not sown; a comprehensive program for all round development as opposed to the get rich syndrome and a genuine effort at abandoning ghetto life.

Best, D. & Quigley, A. (2003) Shootings By the Police: What Predicts When a Firearms

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Linton, R. (Ed.) (1945). Present world conditions in cultural perspective. 

, The science of man in world crisis (pp. 201-21). Columbia University Press

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11/21/2008

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